The Causes and Treatment Methods of Hiccups

Hiccups may be caused by the involuntary contraction of the diaphragm muscle, often accompanied by a sound during inhalation. Persistent hiccups might be related to stomach pain, and further understanding of the patient’s medical history and treatment experience is necessary.
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The Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

The causes of nephrotic syndrome include primary and secondary factors. Primary factors include minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and membranous glomerulonephritis, among others. Secondary factors include infection, medication, toxins, allergies, tumors, systemic lupus erythematosus, and others.
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The Causes of Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic amino acid metabolism disorder primarily caused by enzyme defects in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, leading to the accumulation and excessive excretion of phenylalanine and its ketones.
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